Bibi Sanubar was held captive, beaten in front of a crowd before she was shot three times in the head on Sunday by an insurgent commander in the Qadis district of Badghis province, the Afghan police said.
Mrs Sanubar had been accused of an illicit affair, while the man she had slept with had escaped punishment.
During the Taliban's six year rule until 2001, women accused of adultery were flogged or stoned, while thieves and murderers lost limbs or were executed in public punishments.
Mohammad Nasir Nazaari, head of Badghis provincial council, confirmed the execution and said the Qadis district was entirely under Taliban control.
Insurgents were also accused of hanging a 7-year-old boy for spying earlier this year and shooting dead a young couple trying to elope last year.
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